APL

Apl programming Language

Now that Unicode support in browsers is decent, I’ll try to put the code examples in Unicode characters rather than images. Let me know if there are any problems. (I’m keeping the images for now — feel free to delete if the Unicode characters are sufficiently useful.) –MarnenLaibowKoser

Interesting. U+2373 (the APL iota, �) gets converted by Wiki into a diamond with question mark. It’s not just a font issue, either: it shows up as the diamond when the page is edited. Changing it back to an iota in the editor *looks* different in the editor view, but Wiki doesn’t notice the change. This happens on MacOsx 10.6 with both Safari and Firefox. Is this a bug in handling this particular value? –MarnenLaibowKoser — Sounds similar to the OhAcuteBug.

APL stands for A Programming Language. It is an ArrayOrientedLanguage.

Its character set is a superset of ASCII. This is demonstrated in the following APL code sample:

Reserved words are preceded by a special symbol (called quad).

There are no precedence rules in APL: statements are simply read from right to left. For example,

12 – 3 + 4 yields 5, same as 12 – (3 + 4)

Contributors: DanB (Dan Baronet, or Dan Bernstein?)

While APL is executed right to left, it is read from left to right. — JimRussell

The intent was to use ‘function’al notation i.e. f(g(x)).

Could someone give a list of what the characters in the above example mean? I remember some of them, and a number of them are described in http://www.users.cloud9.net/~bradmcc/APL.html. However I have no idea what LJUST, RJUST or VTOM mean – I don’t believe they are APL primitives, but are either functions written in APL, or else functions from some language which replaces APL characters with alphanumeric strings. –PaulMorrison

  • Paul: You are right that LJUST & RJUST and VTOM are not primitives. They appear to be variable names or function names, based on the preceding syntax. My guess is the RJUST and Ljst are Left and Right Justify, respectively, but I’m not sure what VTOM is. — HansWobbe

  • Hans: VTOM is a well-known function (at least to SHARP APL users), the name means Vector TO Matrix. It basically takes a delimiter, followed by a vector which contains lines delimited by that delimiter, and returns a padded matrix with each line as a separate row, each preceeded by the delimiter. That is, VTOM ‘.ab.cde’ is the matrix 2 4 {shape} ‘.ab .cde’ — Leigh Clayton
    • Thanks, Leigh. I guess that became a popular function name after my days as IPSA. I still have the primitives code and never did get around to setting it up as a function. Perhaps one of the reasons that I do enjoy following the Object Oriented discussions around here, is that I seem to be guilty of a lot of such over-sights. By the weay, It’s nice to have our paths cross, once again. Regards, – ‘hwo’.

Note that 12-3+4 = 12-(3+4) = 5 is exactly opposite from the way SmalltalkLanguage does it. In Smalltalk, 12-3+4 = (12-3)+4 = 13.

APL was developed by KenIverson who has since gone on to direct his attention to the language J [JayLanguage].

Yes, you needed a special keyboard, and yes, you need a special terminal, since at that time we are talking about VT100 and variants, mostly IBM terminals actually, but I can’t remember their names.

  • Did you know there is a UniCode range devoted to APL symbols? See if any of the code points U2336-U237A have glyphs in your favorite fonts.

I found some keyboard designs in Google. The one I used was similar to the most complex.

Although difficult to get used to, APL was Fun. I know of a large bank in Brazil that had a team of economists just doing what we call today DataMining in APL 20 years ago.

As I understand, if you had an extended APL, you needed an extended keyboard also. IBM must have loved this language at that time.

An APL program to find all PrimeNumbers <= an integer:

 PRIMES : (~R∈R○.×R)/R←1↓�R

from: http://www.users.cloud9.net/~bradmcc/APL.html

So Apple stole the option key trick from APL? That makes the fact that Windows doesn’t use it even more disappointing than it already was.

APL was originally created to DefineDocumentSpecify? the IBM 360…

  • No; Iverson published a formal spec for the 360 in 1964, but APL was not developed for that purpose. His 1962 book A Programming Language specifically says in the preface that he developed it over severals years teaching graduate courses, as a mathematical notation for discussing algorithms.
  • The notation used in the book used semantically significant fonts, superscripts, subscripts, and such that were replaced by more practically implementable notations in the later implementation of it as a programming language.

…and it was close enough to being an actual computer language that an interpreter was implemented for it (and a special type ball on the ibm selectric was created to represent it).

APL was once used to prototype SQL – SQL could be looked at as an attempt to extract the data-storage aspects of APL into a form which is generally useful.

  • You could look at it that way as a metaphor or something, but that’s not to say that that’s where SQL got those aspects of its nature. Those aspects came from Codd’s database theory research.
  • I don’t see these as contradictory. Using APL to implement a prototype has little or nothing to do with where SQL as a language came from.
  • They *are* contradictory, because in terms of objective documented history, SQL was *not* “an attempt to extract the data-storage aspects of APL into a form which is generally useful”. It just wasn’t, and there aren’t any citations out there to support that speculation. That’s why I said (trying to be gentle) that you could say that as a “metaphor”, because it sure as hell isn’t historical fact.
  • I’m a fan of APL, it doesn’t need anyone to lie (or even exaggerate) about its historical contributions to justify its worth.

APL is now a dead language: the user community is so small that you almost never hear about it

  • That’s a subjective judgement, not an objective fact. I am not part of the APL/J/K community, but I hear about it repeatedly over the years. The APL community was always a small one. The introduction of the J and K dialects seem to have kindled some new interest.

…and there are so many divergent variants that little is held in common beyond the basic language.

  • I believe that there are only 3 many variants, that they have actually quite a bit in common, and that it is meaningless to say “beyond the basic language”, because it sounds like you’re saying they do have the basic language in common, and are thus contradicting yourself in the very same phrase in which in make your claim.

Still, there are lessons to be learned from APL which could benefit even the most cutting edge technologies.

  • Agreed.

  • I, too, agree. The Apl community I was priviledged to join in 1972, was one of the most educational environments I have encountered in my career. And while it has always been small, its core members undoubedtly have a lot that they could contribute. If there is any interest, I would be pleased to try to find some of the following and try to recruit them to post here. I think we would be the better for it. Specifically:
  • BobBernecky?
  • DavidKeith? (large databases in APL)
  • EricIverson? (oldest KenIverson son who managed IpSharp‘s ‘zoo’ – the developers.)
  • LeslieGoldsmith (666 mailbox)
  • RogerMoore? (original programming implementation team that won the GraceHopper award)
  • … — HansWobbe

For example: one of the lessons of UML is that it’s a mistake to introduce aggregations or multiplicities early on. These are details which are added later. And yet, “object-oriented” languages force you to learn design patterns dedicated to dealing with these concepts. In APL, on the other hand, you can use the same code to deal with 1:1, 1:n, n:1, or n:n multiplicities (yes, n:n is really 1:1 multiplicity, but you wouldn’t know that by the way you have to represent it in a classic OO language). n:m (outer join) multiplicities take a slightly different approach, but we’re talking a minor syntactic difference here, not a design pattern which requires the creation of several different classes.

  • This seems interesting but I’m not 100% sure of what you’re driving at.

When you look at a body of OO code (like .NET, or J2EE), and compare it to a body of APL code (like what you see at http://www.kx.com/download/documentation.htm, you can’t help but realize that there are lessons about CodeReuse which we’ve yet to integrate into the mainstream.

  • I’m willing to believe you, but which lessons are those?

– AnonymousDonor

    • The lesson is the point above about n:n multiplicity being the same thing as 1:1, 1:n, n:1, et al, in APL. In Java, operations on an Array of Foos are different from operations on a single Foo. In APL and members of its family, the code doesn’t change at all when you move from a single Foo to a collection of Foos. It’s a striking and powerful difference.

Reading Material

AplLanguage QuickQuestions

Q Anyone know where to get a “free” AplLanguage processor that works in WindowsXp, can communicate with a ComComponent (or activex) that has GUI, and also links up to databases via ODBC or OLEDB drivers?
Any dialect will do, though I prefer basic APL with ability to remap keyboard to using APL keys

A Did you try http://www.jsoftware.com, home of the “free” JayLanguage interpreter [RandyMacDonald]

  • No and I assume you have tried and liked it? If all I have to sacrifice in using J is the lack of greek characters, but if it has a reasonable GUI for WindowsXp and ODBC, then I will try it. BTW, does the version work on PocketPc as well? That would indeed be good. Thanks from DavidLiu

A Workstation APL2 Time Limited Version of APL2
Last time I looked, the limitation is accumulated CPU time, so one can use this over a period of days, weeks, or months.
http://www14.software.ibm.com/webapp/download/preconfig.jsp?id=2002-12-22+21%3A26%3A37.604297R&cat=&fam=&s=p&S_TACT=104AH%20W42&S_CMP=
[IBM.com ... Products & services > Software > Software Development]
gerry lowry gerry.lowry@abilitybusinesscomputerservices.com
(Wednesday 2004-11-03 03:15 Eastern Time)

  • Thanks for information. What is the exact time limit? I must have missed it when looking at that web page. Also do I get a clean uninstall?

– sorry, I do not know the exact time limit … regardless, because it’s in CPU allocation, unless you stuck in a loop, you should get a substantial number of days, weeks, or months to play with it … as for clean uninstall, I am not that sure … one would hope that IBM can perform a clean uninstall but unfortunately, I can not speak on their behalf. As for me, I never uninstalled it, so I do not have an answer from my personal experience. — gerry http://abilitybusinesscomputerservices.com

A I’ve found NARS2000 at http://www.nars2000.org/ to be a solid player. It’s a Windows executable but it does easily run using Wine on Linux as suggested on it’s page. See also the “What it’s Not” section to know where it’s aimed. I certainly have used it to play around and attempt to rekindle my 30 year old skills (and I’m only 45 so what kind of geek does that make me?)

See also JoelMosesOnAplAndLisp, JayLanguage, KayLanguage, AplusLanguage

By programming on January 31, 2011 | APL

APL programming Compiler, Source code and Tutorial

APL programming is is an artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer.

Compiler

Download APL programming compiler.

Source code

APL programming Hello world sample source code.

Tutorial

APL programming tutorial.

See how simple it is to generate a ‘hello world’ PROGRAM in APL.
Video Rating: 4 / 5

Graeme Robertson’s quick introduction to APL. APL is a powerful programming language currently finding new life due to it’s ability to create and implement systems web based or otherwise.
Video Rating: 4 / 5

A quick description of how to create a simple user command in Dyalog APL
Video Rating: 5 / 5

The main features of the working environment in Dyalog APL
Video Rating: 5 / 5

This is a short description of the things that make Dyalog APL different from the other APLs

This is roughly the first 10 minutes of Host David T Clements interview of the Iverson Six (less 1, My dad). My dad said maybe he was protesting something while Eric Iverson says that my father was in Denmark installing an APL system. I believe Eric. Ken Iverson and Adin Falkoff talk about the first principles of APL. Larry Breed, Phil Abrams, Ken, Adin and Roger Moore are introduced.
Video Rating: 5 / 5

Do you know why the world has seemed hotter since August 2008? It can’t be too much of a surprise that it’s got a lot to do with APL Productions (the greatest among them, anyways). Don’t be fooled by imitation APL programming, if it hasn’t got Sean and Jody, it’s not truly worthy of the APL name. Here is proof of that greatness, Jody and Sean in “Delusions of Grandeur”, the second episode of the second and hottest season yet! Oh, and people have been complaining about the captions being illegible, If you can’t read the captions, head over to the website. We apologize for the inconvenience!
Video Rating: 5 / 5

This shows what namespaces are in APL, how to create one and how to use it.
Video Rating: 0 / 5

Catherine Lathwell and her father Richard Lathwell examine Catherine’s box of APL memorabilia so that she has something to take with her when she talks at the Computer History Museum in Silicon Valley with a small group of APL enthusiast (Bay Area APL Users group). Mentioned in this video are Phil Abrams, Larry Breed, Ken Iverson, Adin Flakoff, John McNamee, and Ian Whitney. To learn more about the bigger project see: www.aprogramminglanguage.com
Video Rating: 5 / 5

By programming on October 16, 2010 | APL | A comment?
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